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Vibrations, waves, and sound. What is sound? What is a sound wave? ; Sources of sound ; Wanted and unwanted sound ; Distance, speed, and velocity ; Graphical representation of motion ; Force and acceleration ; Pressure ; Graphic representation of a sound wave ; Work and energy ; Power ; Units -- Vibrating systems. Simple harmonic motion ; Energy and damping ; Simple vibrating systems ; Systems with two or three masses ; Systems with many modes of vibration ; Vibration in musical instruments ; Complex vibrations: vibration spectra -- Waves. What is a wave? ; Progressive waves ; Impulsive waves, reflection ; Superposition and interference ; Sound waves ; Wave propagation in two and three dimensions ; The Doppler effect ; Reflection ; Refraction ; Diffraction ; Interference -- Resonance. Resonance of a mass-spring vibrator ; Phase of driven vibrations ; Standing waves on a string ; Partials, harmonics, and overtones ; Open and closed pipes ; Acoustic impedance ; Helmholtz resonator ; Singing rods ; More examples of resonance: can a singer break a wineglass? ; Sympathetic vibrations: soundboards -- Perception and measurement of sound. Hearing. Range of hearing ; Structure of the ear ; Signal processing in the auditory system ; Critical bands ; Binaural hearing and localization ; Measuring sensations: psychophysics ; Logarithms in sound and music ; Subjective attributes of sound -- Sound pressure, power, and loudness. Decibels ; Sound intensity level ; Sound pressure level ; Multiple sources ; Loudness level ; Loudness of pure tones: sones ; Loudness of complex tones: critical bands ; Loudness of combined sounds ; Musical dynamics and loudness ; Masking ; Loudness reduction by masking ; Loudness and duration: impulsive sounds and adaptation -- Pitch and timbre. Pitch scales ; Pitch discrimination ; Pitch of pure tones ; Pitch of complex tones: virtual pitch ; Seebeck's siren and Ohm's law: a historical note ; Theories of pitch: place pitch versus periodicity pitch ; Absolute pitch ; Pitch standards ; Timbre or tone quality ; Fourier analysis of complex tones ; Timbre and dynamic effects: envelope and duration ; Vibrato ; Blend of complex tones -- Combination tones and harmony. Linear superposition ; Phase angle ; Combination of two simple harmonic motions ; Pure tones with slightly different frequencies: beats ; The musical staff: musicians' graph paper ; Combination tones ; Modulation of one tone by another ; Other nonlinear effects: aural harmonics and summation tones ; Origin of different tones ; Consonance and dissonance: musical intervals ; Effect of phase on timbre ; Beats of mistuned consonances ; The central nervous system: autocorrelation and cross-correlation ; Cerebral dominance -- Musical scales and temperament. Scale, tuning, temperament, and intonation ; The Pythagorean scale ; Meantone temperament ; The scale of just intonation ; Equal temperament ; Comparison of scales ; Other meantone temperaments ; Intonation -- Musical instruments. String instruments. Construction of the violin ; Vibrations of a plucked string ; Vibrations of a bowed string ; Vibrations of the violin body ; Tuning the top and back plates ; The bridge ; Other bowed string instruments ; Music and physics: a new family of fiddles ; Construction of the guitar ; The guitar as a vibrating system ; Vibrations of the top plate, back plate, and air cavity ; Resonances of the guitar body ; Sound radiation ; The guitar: a developing instrument ; The electric guitar ; Strings, frets, and compensation -- Brass instruments. Instruments of the brass family ; Oscillations in a pipe ; Pressure-controlled valves ; The bell and mouthpiece ; Valves and slides: filling in between the modes ; The French horn ; The trombone ; Tuba, baritone, and fluegelhorn ; The spectra of brass instruments ; Shock waves ; Transients ; Mutes ; Wall material ; Performance technique -- Woodwind instruments. How a pipe-reed system vibrates ; Tone holes ; Bore types ; The clarinet ; Registers and register holes ; Radiated sound ; The double reeds ; The saxophone ; Efficiency and performance technique ; Oscillating air streams and whistles ; The flute ; Other flutes ; The recorder ; Organ pipes -- Percussion instruments. Vibrations of bars ; Rectangular bars: the glockenspiel ; The marimba, xylophone, and vibes ; Mallets ; Chimes ; Triangles ; Vibrations of membranes ; Timpani ; Bass drum ; Snare drum ; Other drums ; Vibrations of plates ; Cymbals ; Gongs and tamtams ; Steelpans ; Sound spectra ; Bells and carillons ; Handbells -- Keyboard instruments. Construction of the piano ; Piano strings ; The tuning of unisons ; Hammer-string interaction ; The soundboard ; Piano sound ; The clavichord ; The harpsichord ; The harp ; The pipe organ: its construction ; Organ pipes ; Pipe scaling ; Sound radiation from flue pipes ; Reed pipes ; Tuning and voicing organ pipes -- The human voice. Speech production. The vocal organs ; The larynx and the vocal folds ; The vocal tract ; Articulation of speech ; Resonances of the vocal tract: formants ; Models of the vocal tract ; Studies of the vocal tract ; Prosodic features of speech -- Speech recognition, analysis, and synthesis. The analysis of speech ; The recognition of vowels ; The recognition of consonants ; Filtered speech and noisy environments ; The synthesis of speech ; Speech coding and compression ; Speech recognition by computers ; Speaker identification by speech spectrograms: voiceprints -- Singing. Formants and pitch ; Differences between spoken and sung vowels ; Formant tuning by sopranos ; Breathing and air flow ; Subglottal pressures in singing ; Registers, voices, and muscles ; Other factors including the spectra of sung notes ; Choir singing ; Popular singing and other styles -- |
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Electroacoustics. Electronic circuits. Direct current ; Electrical energy and power ; Alternating current ; Transformers ; Electrical resonance ; Filters ; Active devices ; Amplifiers ; Operational amplifiers ; Oscillators and function generators ; Power supplies -- Loudspeakers. Loudspeakers as transducers ; Structure of dynamic loudspeakers ; Electromagnetic drivers ; Mechanical and electrical characteristics ; Baffles and enclosures ; Air suspension low-frequency loudspeakers ; Equivalent electrical circuit for a loudspeaker ; Vented boxes: bass-reflex enclosures ; Horn loudspeakers ; Multispeaker systems ; Other loudspeaker types ; Recent trends in loudspeakers ; Loudspeaker efficiency ; Loudspeaker distortion ; Earphones (headphones) -- Microphones, amplifiers, and tuners. Microphones as transducers ; Microphone pickup patterns ; Microphone impedance ; Microphone sensitivity ; Amplifiers ; Distortion ; Amplifier power and distortion ; AM/FM tuners ; Stereo broadcasting ; AV receivers: surround sound -- Digital computers and techniques. What is a computer? ; Binary data ; Number representations ; Organization of a computer ; The CPU ; Memory ; Input and output (I/O) ; Computer buses ; Computer programming ; Digital signals ; Pulse-code modulation ; The sampling theorem ; Quantization ; Quantization error ; Aliasing ; Phase distortion ; Oversampling ; Dithering ; Companding -- Sound recording. The origins of sound recording ; Stereophonic disk recording ; Magnetic tape recording ; Tape speed and frequency response ; Bias and equalization ; Tape noise ; Digital tape recording ; Digital audiotape recording for home use ; Digital multitrack recording ; Hard-disk recording ; Compact disc digital audio ; Recordable CDs ; MiniDiscs ; DVD ; DVD-audio ; Solid-state memory recording -- The acoustics of rooms. Auditorium acoustics. Sound propagation outdoors and indoors ; Direct, early, and reverberant sound ; Direct and early sound: the precedence effect ; Reverberant sound ; Calculation of the reverberation time ; Air absorption ; Criteria for good acoustics ; Concert halls ; Background noise ; Avery Fisher Hall: a case study ; Variable acoustics ; Churches ; Classrooms -- Electronic reinforcement of sound. Sound sources in a room ; Sound fields ; Power considerations ; Loudspeaker placement ; Loudspeaker directivity ; Acoustic feedback ; Equalization ; Time delay ; Enhancement of reverberation ; Microphone placement and mixing ; Reinforcement for the hearing impaired ; Outdoor sound systems -- Small rooms, home listening rooms, and recording studios. Acoustics of small rooms ; Room proportions ; Sound images from multiple sources ; What is high-fidelity sound? ; Single- and multichannel sound-reproducing systems ; Stereophonic sound ; The sound field in listening rooms ; Sound diffusors ; Sound absorption ; Home theaters ; Sound-recording studios ; Control rooms -- Electronic music technology. Electronic music technology and its origins. Contemporary music technology ; Ancient precursors ; Early sound recording ; Understanding electricity ; The age of electronics ; Early electronic music ; Electrical organs ; Modern electronics ; Music technology today -- Analog electronic music. The elements of electronic music ; Musique Concrète: the conceptual basis ; Musique Concrète: the technological basis ; Elektronische Musik: the conceptual basis ; Elektronische Musik: the technological basis ; Tape music ; Early electronic music synthesizers ; The Mark II electronic music synthesizer ; Voltage control ; Modules and patches ; Control voltage characteristics ; Other modules ; Other controllers ; Digital control and the groove system -- Digital audio signal processing. Digital audio-signal processing ; Digital signal processing and mathematics ; The time domain ; The frequency domain ; The discrete Fourier transform ; The fast Fourier transform ; Convolution ; Digital filtering ; The z-transform ; Filter coefficients ; The transfer function ; Poles and zeros ; FIR and IIR filters ; Processing audio signals -- Computer music and virtual acoustics. Computer music ; Sound synthesis methods ; Additive synthesis ; Subtractive synthesis ; Nonlinear synthesis ; Physical modeling synthesis ; Digital music synthesizers ; Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) ; Samplers ; Real-time software synthesis ; Spatialization ; Digital audio compression ; Digital audio and the internet -- Environmental noise. Noise in the environment. Sound power and mechanical power ; Noise levels ; Sound propagation outdoors ; Flow noise ; Machinery noise ; Indoor noise ; Motor vehicles ; Railroads and aircraft -- The effects of noise on people. Temporary hearing loss ; Permanent hearing loss ; Ear damage ; Hearing protections ; Speech interference ; Interference with sleep ; Other psychological effects ; The physiological effects of noise -- The control of noise. Analyzing a noise problem: source-path-receiver ; Noise regulations ; Exposure to occupational noise ; Product labeling ; Walls and floors ; Barriers, indoors and outdoors ; Enclosures ; Sound absorbers ; Heating and air conditioning noise ; Aircraft noise ; Supersonic aircraft ; Ultrasound and infrasound ; Active noise control. |
