| Contents |
1. Introduction: the setting : Composers ; Output ; Contemporary music ; Revival of J.S. Bach's music ; Tardy appreciation of Schubert's music ; Domination of opera ; Lack of concert halls ; Programmes [programs] ; Patronage ; Decline of court musical establishments ; Opera houses ; Political influences ; Schools of music -- 2. Constitution and strength : Increase in the size of orchestras ; The string orchestra ; Proportionate strength of parts ; More bases than 'cellos in Italian orchestras ; The wood-wind group ; Standard group of eight ; Extra wood-wind parts ; Piccolo ; Cor Anglais parts ; Bass clarinet parts ; Basset-horn ; Double bassoon ; The brass group ; Four horns ; Trombones ; Serpent-ophicleide-tuba ; Stage bands ; Harp and percussion instruments ; Tables showing strength of orchestras ; Festival orchestras -- 3. Orchestras in France : The royal orchestra ; Opera-houses in Paris ; The Opéra orchestra ; Théatre Italien ; Opéra comique ; Concert orchestras ; The rue de Cléry concerts ; The Société des Concerts or Conservatoire concerts ; Other orchestral concerts in Paris ; dance and entertainment orchestras ; Musard's promenade concerts ; Orchestras in French provincial towns -- 4. Orchestras in Germany : Decentralisation [decentralization] of music in Germany ; Berlin, the court opera ; the Konigstadter theatre ; Dresden ; Munich ; The Gewandhaus orchestra at Leipzig ; Orchestras at Stuttgart, Frankfort, Darmstadt, Brunswick, Hanover, Cassel, Weimar, Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Gotha, Dessau, Hechingen, Hamburg, Dusseldorf, Breslau, and other towns -- 5. Orchestras in England : London opera-houses and concert rooms ; The orchestra at the King's theatre ; Covent Garden theatre ; Drury Lane theatre ; Concert orchestras ; The ancient and the vocal concert ; The Sacred Harmonic society ; The Philharmonic orchestra ; Societa Armonica ; Other London orchestras ; The pleasure gardens ; Promenade concerts ; Musard's concerts ; Jullien's concerts ; Provincial orchestras ; Festival orchestras -- 6. Orchestras in Vienna, in Italy and in other countries : Vienna opera-houses and concert societies ; The Hofkapelle ; Theater-an-der-Wien ; Hofburg and Karntnerthor theatres ; The Leopoldstadter and Josephstadter theatres ; concert orchestras ; The Philharmonic orchestra ; Orchestras in Prague and Budapesth ; Orchestras in Italy ; La Scala at Milan ; San Carlo at Naples ; Orchestras in Russia, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal and America -- 7. Conducting : Composer and conductor ; Dual control by keyboard-conductor and violinist-leader in the 18th century ; Development of baton-conductor in Germany, Vienna, France, Italy and England ; Divided responsibility in England ; Implements used for conducting ; Noisy conducting ; Qualifications for a conductor -- 8. Conductors : Spohr ; Weber ; Mendelssohn ; Wagner ; Guhr, Lindpaintner and other German conductors ; Beethoven and conductors at Vienna ; Nicolai ; Habeneck ; Berlioz ; Other French conductors ; Musard ; Jullien ; Costa and the London conductors -- 9. The instruments : Bowed string instruments ; The double-bass ; Sub-basses ; Simplifying d-bass parts ; Harp ; Wind instruments and makers ; The wood-wind at the end of the 18th century ; Improved key-systems in the early 19th century ; Saxophones ; Brass instruments ; Stopping, slides and keys ; Hand horn ; Trumpets ; Keyed bulge ; Ophicleide ; The valve ; Slow introduction of valved instruments into the orchestra ; Cornet with valves ; Tubas, saxhorns and other valved bugles -- 10. Score and parts, arrangements : Diffusion of scores and parts ; Opera and oratorio scores ; Symphonies, overtures and concertos ; Beethoven's symphonies ; Haydn's symphonies ; Cianchettini's scores ; Mozart's symphonies ; German scores of Beethoven's symphonies ; Text-books on orchestration ; Conductor's parts ; Copyright ; Composer's payment ; Arrangements and adaptations ; Adapted operas in London ; Additional accompaniments -- 11. Rehearsal, pitch, arrangement of orchestras, conclusion : Rehearsal of opera and concert orchestras ; Variable pitch ; Arrangement of orchestras and choirs ; Conclusion ; Protests against growing volume of sound and complexity. |
