| Contents |
Machine generated contents note: List of Tables and Figures 5 Introduction 11 Section 1 15 Chapter 1: The Purpose and Ethics of Research 15 The Purpose and Risks of Research 15 History of Harm to Humans 17 Ethical Issues in the Social Sciences 26 History of Harm to Animal Subjects in Research 29 Ethics, Principles, and Guidelines 33 Statutes and Regulations Protecting Humans and Animals in Research 38 More about Informed Consent 44 The Importance of Freedom to Withdraw 54 Separation of Provider-Researcher Role 55 Undue Influence 58 Anonymity 59 Section 2 63 Chapter 2: Research Validity 63 Internal Validity 65 External Validity 90 Chapter 3: Research Designs 101 The Lingo 101 Between-Subjects Designs 104 Within-Subjects Designs/Repeated Measures 111 Between-Within Subjects Designs (Mixed Factorial/Split-Plot Designs) 114 Latin Square Designs 120 Double Latin Square Designs 125 Graeco-Latin and Hyper Graeco-Latin Square Designs 126 Nesting 126 Matching 128 Blocking 129 Non-Experimental Research 130 Case Studies 131 Section 3 136 Chapter 4: Interpretation 136 Probability and Significance 136 The Null Hypothesis, Type I ([alpha]), and Type II ([beta]) Errors 138 Power 140 Managing Error Variance to Improve Power 144 Power Analyses 145 Effect Size 146 Confidence Intervals and Precision 150 Chapter 5: Parametric Statistical Techniques 154 Population Parameters versus Sample Statistics 155 Data 156 Central Tendency 158 Distributions 167 Dependent Variables 178 To Scale or Not to Scale 183 t Tests 186 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting t Tests 194 The NOVA's and Mixed Linear Model Analysis 195 ANOVA 196 ANOVA with a Multifactorial Design 200 Main Effects and Interactions 202 ANCOVA 210 MANOVA/MANCOVA 215 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting ANOVA/ANCOVA/MANOVA 220 Repeated Measures: ANOVA-RM and Mixed Linear Model Analysis 221 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Repeated Measures Analyses 230 Correlation and Regression 232 Regression and Multiple Regression 239 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Correlation and Regression 244 Logistic Regression 246 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Logistic Regression 250 Discriminant Function Analysis 250 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Discriminant Function Analysis 253 Multiple Comparisons 253 Chapter 6: Nonparametric Statistical Techniques 259 Chi-Square 260 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Chi-Square 264 Median Test 265 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Median Tests 268 Phi coefficient 269 Statistical Software Packages for Calculating the Phi coefficient 271 Mann Whitney U Test (Wilcoxon Sank Sum Test) 272 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting a Mann Whitney U Test 275 Sign Test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 276 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Sign Tests 279 Kruskal-Wallis Test: 280 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting a Kruskal-Wallis Test 284 Rank-Order Correlation 284 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Rank Order Correlations 288 Chapter 7: Meta-Analytic Studies 290 The File Drawer Effect 292 Analyzing the Meta-analytic Data 294 How to Read and Interpret a Paper Reporting a Meta-analysis 297 Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Meta-analyses 300 Section 4 302 Chapter 8: Disseminating Your Research Findings 302 Preparing a Research Report 302 Presenting Your Findings at a Conference 321 Chapter 9: Concluding Remarks 324 Why Is It Important to Understand Research Design and Analysis as a Consumer? 324 Research Ethics and Responsibilities of Journalists 336 Responsibilities of Researchers 339 Conclusion 340 Appendix A: Data Sets and DataBases 342 Contents of a Data Set 342 Missing Data and Data Entry Errors 349 Database Programs 351 Database and Data Set Summary 362 Appendix B: Statistical Analysis Packages 365 SAS |
| Abstract |
"This book helps readers understand research design and analysis. The intended audience includes those in the sciences who wish to conduct their own research without investing several semesters completing coursework in statistics and related fields, as well as those in the sciences and media who wish to read published research in an informed manner. In the former case, this book will provide a general basis for designing and conducting research, though with the assistance of a statistical consultant. The chapters of this book are laid out into three major sections. In the first section, the author briefly reviews the purpose of research as well as ethics and rules guiding research involving human participants and animal subjects. In the second section, the author walks the reader through basic research designs and validity. In the third section, the author provides a cursory review of statistics, including interpretation and specific techniques. This includes a description of when each statistical technique is appropriate and informative. The section on statistical techniques is intended to help the new researcher to be able to communicate in an informed manner with a statistical consultant or to be able to comprehend the jargon they may find in many research documents. Finally, the author reviews the how-to's of reporting and presenting research findings"-- Provided by publisher. |
| Bibliography note | Includes bibliographical references (pages 233-242) and index. |
| Access restriction | Available only to authorized users. |
| Technical details | Mode of access: World Wide Web |
| Genre/form | Electronic books. |
| LCCN | 2019003539 |
| ISBN | 9781119563594 (hardback) |
